Does the re-emergence of China onto the African stage herald an upsurge in its participation in the continent’s development and security? This new and uncertain situation has certainly not relegated France and the European Union to a mere outmoded and historic role, especially in the security field. Michèle Alliot-Marie, then Minister of Defence, officially suggested on 20 June 2006, when welcoming UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, that France was ready to provide aid for the formation of an African Gendarmerie Force, in liaison with the RECAMP programme, taking as a model the European Gendarmerie Force that is now operational. Such a goal must be implemented at a regional level and in the wake of the African Standby Forces (ASF), and in parallel with the peacekeeping architecture that is being created in Africa.